Boltzmann-type control of opinion consensus through leaders.

The study of formations and dynamics of opinions leading to the so-called opinion consensus is one of the most important areas in mathematical modelling of social sciences. Following the Boltzmann-type control approach recently introduced by the first two authors, we consider a group of opinion leaders who modify their strategy accordingly to an objective functional with the aim of achieving opinion consensus. The main feature of the Boltzmann-type control is that, owing to an instantaneous binary control formulation, it permits the minimization of the cost functional to be embedded into the microscopic leaders' interactions of the corresponding Boltzmann equation. The related Fokker-Planck asymptotic limits are also derived, which allow one to give explicit expressions of stationary solutions. The results demonstrate the validity of the Boltzmann-type control approach and the capability of the leaders' control to strategically lead the followers' opinion.

Varicella zoster central nervous system vasculitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant successfully treated with cyclophosphamide.

We report the first case of varicella zoster central nervous system vasculitis, to our knowledge, which responded to intravenous pulses of cyclophosphamide in an immunocompromised child with severe and progressive disease, without sequelae.

Fibrosis quística en imágenes. Clasificación de Bhalla para la tomografía computarizada en pacientes pediátricos / Cystic fibrosis in images: the Bhalla scoring system for computed tomography in paediatric patients

Para el seguimiento de la evolución del daño pulmonar en los pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ) se han desarrollado distintos sistemas de clasificación o puntuación mediante la radiografía de tórax y la tomografía computarizada de alta resolución (TCAR). La TCAR es una técnica más sensible que la radiografía de tórax para evaluar la anatomía, sin embargo, en pacientes pediátricos el uso de la tomografía computarizada (TC) debe reducirse al mínimo necesario y utilizar sistemas de protección radiológica y reducción de dosis. Uno de los sistemas de clasificación mediante TCAR más empleados es el propuesto por Bhalla en 1991, que facilita la evaluación de la gravedad y la evolución de estos pacientes en función de los distintos hallazgos radiológicos. Presentamos diferentes ejemplos de estos criterios para la TCAR, observados al revisar los estudios de un grupo de 48 pacientes (AU)

To monitor the course of lung damage in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) using the different chest X-ray and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scoring systems that have been developed. The HRCT technique is more sensitive than chest radiography to evaluate the anatomy. However, in paediatric patients, the use of CT should be kept to a minimum, and guidelines for radiation protection and dose reduction should be applied. One of the most used classification systems for HRCT is the one proposed by Bhalla in 1991, which helps in the assessment of the severity and course of the disease in these patients depending on the different imaging findings. We present various examples of these criteria for HRCT, observed while reviewing a group of 48 paediatric patients (AU)

[Cystic fibrosis in images: the Bhalla scoring system for computed tomography in paediatric patients]. / Fibrosis quística en imágenes. Clasificación de Bhalla para la tomografía computarizada en pacientes pediátricos.

To monitor the course of lung damage in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) using the different chest X-ray and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scoring systems that have been developed. The HRCT technique is more sensitive than chest radiography to evaluate the anatomy. However, in paediatric patients, the use of CT should be kept to a minimum, and guidelines for radiation protection and dose reduction should be applied. One of the most used classification systems for HRCT is the one proposed by Bhalla in 1991, which helps in the assessment of the severity and course of the disease in these patients depending on the different imaging findings. We present various examples of these criteria for HRCT, observed while reviewing a group of 48 paediatric patients.

Hemoptisis fatal secundaria a aspergilosis pulmonar invasiva en una paciente con leucemia mieloblástica aguda / Fatal hemoptysis secondary to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a girl with acute myeloblastic leukemia

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Wünderlich's syndrome: causes, diagnosis and radiological management.

AIM: The underlying causes of the Wünderlich syndrome, spontaneous renal bleeding confined to the subcapsular and perirenal space, are described together with its radiologic management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 9 cases, occurring in our hospital between 1995 and 2001 were reviewed. The average age was 46 and five of them were women. All patients underwent ultrasound and helical CT. In seven cases renal arteriography was performed, in 6 the bleeding artery was embolized. Histological material was obtained in four cases. RESULTS: The most common cause was of neoplastic origin (five angiomyolipomas and one urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis). Other unusual cases included a pancreatic pseudocyst with rupture of the renal parenchyma and a drug induced vasculitis. In one patient a definitive diagnosis was not obtained. In five of the 6 cases in which the bleeding artery was embolized, the results were satisfactory and only one patient required surgery because of persistent bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: CT is the best imaging method to establish the diagnosis and in some cases the aetiology of Wünderlich's syndrome. Renal arteriography with embolization is an important therapeutic method to control the bleeding and to avoid surgery.